Notes: Data is for 2008-2009 period AUS amount = $1,049/sqm *.79. IMF annual market exchange rates for 2009 used (1.27 AUD = 1 USD).

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS

Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS

Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: 0.2 - 0.3% estimate. Figure is % of total prime bank loans.

Notes: 1/4 of all mortgage loans are covered by private LMI. Public sector was a provider previously but exited the market in the 1990s.

Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions

Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions

Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions

Notes: 10% Goods and Services Tax on most transactions

Notes: 50% conducted by others than employees of lenders

Notes: 50% conducted by others than employees of lenders

Notes: A detailed review of housing and taxation was recently compiled by Wood, et al for the Henry Tax Review.

Notes: A detailed review of housing and taxation was recently compiled by Wood, et al for the Henry Tax Review.

Notes: A detailed review of housing and taxation was recently compiled by Wood, et al for the Henry Tax Review.

Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Owned Outright + Owned with Mortgage

Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Owned Outright + Owned with Mortgage

Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Owned Outright + Owned with Mortgage

Notes: All of Australia (National, not urban) Proportion of all private households.

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: All Residential Housing

Notes: Approx. $500 AUS. IMF annual average market exchange rate for 2009 used (AUS 1.27 = 1 USD).

Notes: As of Jan 1 2011 potential borrowers must be given a credit guide, which includes the lenders license number, fees, and the right to complain. See ASIC website

Notes: Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA)

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Authorized Deposit Institutions (ADIs) which includes Banks, Credit Unions and Building Societies are regulated by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA). APRA has in place a prudential framework for housing loans. As of 1 January 2008 APRA applied an Australian modified Basel II regime based on standardized approach that provides risk ratings on LVR, insurances, standard and non standard loans including low docs. Risk ratings of loans are weighted as 35, 50, 75, 100%. Both ADIs and Non ADIs are required to be registered with and conform to the Australian Securities Investment Commission (ASIC) standards of conduct. Following the introduction of the Financial Service Reform Act in 2009 ASIC now have increased national jurisdiction in the monitoring of lending practices.

Notes: Commercial banks have developed specific programs for lower income groups however they are typically for housing offering only small amounts.

Notes: Commercial banks have developed specific programs for lower income groups however they are typically for housing offering only small amounts.

Notes: Commercial banks have developed specific programs for lower income groups however they are typically for housing offering only small amounts.

Notes: Common law founded on the British legal system. Parliamentary law founded on Australian Constitution 1901

Notes: Common law founded on the British legal system. Parliamentary law founded on Australian Constitution 1901

Notes: Common law founded on the British legal system. Parliamentary law founded on Australian Constitution 1901

Notes: Conveyancing fees generally between $700 - $2,000 AUS. Figure is mean value - $1350 AUS. IMF annual average market exchange rate for 2009 used (AUS 1.27 = 1 USD).

Notes: Covered bonds have been outlawed since the Banking Act of 1959, allowed since 2010

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Co-operatives and Permanent Building Societies

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Credit Outstanding from bank lending to businesses - Total, converted from AUD to USD

Notes: Data only available end of June. ABS Projections from the 2006 Census, Household and Family Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2031 (cat. no. 3236.0)

Notes: Data only available end of June. ABS Projections from the 2006 Census, Household and Family Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2031 (cat. no. 3236.0)

Notes: Data only available end of June. ABS Projections from the 2006 Census, Household and Family Projections, Australia, 2006 to 2031 (cat. no. 3236.0)

Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties

Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties

Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties

Notes: Deductions not available for owner-occupiers; only available for rental properties

Notes: Domestic deposits. As of January 2010, funding from deposits was 42%, long-term wholesale debt 24%, short-term wholesale debt also 24%, securitization 3% and equity 7%. Regional and smaller banks have a much larger proportion of their funding via securitization. These figures do not include non ADIs where a higher proportion of funding is derived be securitization. Securitized funding for Non ADIs lending institutions declined significantly through out the GFC.

Notes: Domestic deposits. As of January 2010, funding from deposits was 42%, long-term wholesale debt 24%, short-term wholesale debt also 24%, securitization 3% and equity 7%. Regional and smaller banks have a much larger proportion of their funding via securitization. These figures do not include non ADIs where a higher proportion of funding is derived be securitization. Securitized funding for Non ADIs lending institutions declined significantly through out the GFC.

Notes: Domestic deposits. As of January 2010, funding from deposits was 42%, long-term wholesale debt 24%, short-term wholesale debt also 24%, securitization 3% and equity 7%. Regional and smaller banks have a much larger proportion of their funding via securitization. These figures do not include non ADIs where a higher proportion of funding is derived be securitization. Securitized funding for Non ADIs lending institutions declined significantly through out the GFC.

Notes: Estimate according to WEO

Notes: Estimate according to WEO

Notes: Estimate approx 30% of all loans. Based on rough estimate of those with LVRs 80 or above likely to obtain mortgage insurance. As an estimate they have a majority share of the first home buyer market. This needs to be verified

Notes: Estimated 3-6% of the property value.

Notes: Estimated 3-6% of the property value.

Notes: Estimated 3-6% of the property value.

Notes: Estimated household income is s Percentage increase is from 2005-2006 to the year 2007-2008.

Notes: Estimated household income is sourced from the ABS 2007-2008 Survey of Income and Housing Costs. Percentage increase is from 2005-2006 to the year 2007-2008.

Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: Ex. The government has a committed liquidity facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: Fargason, James: According to Bloomberg. Issuance in 2013 was $10.4B USD: http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-06-10/covered-bond-boom-wanes-as-rmbs-sales-double-australia-credit

Notes: Figure for 2009 is from June 2008 to June 2009. Increases are Nominal. REIA and Mortgage Choice Real Estate Market Facts, A Quarterly Review of Major Property Markets.

Notes: Figure is % of total prime bank loans. Non performing mortgage loan 90 days is for June 2008.

Notes: Figure is % of total prime bank loans. Non performing mortgage loan 90 days is for June 2009.

Notes: Figure is an estimate. Most conforming lenders use some form of credit scoring and checks. The non conforming sector which is small in Australia is specifically designed for those with impaired credit histories.

Notes: Figure is an estimate. The proportion of first home owners to repeat buyers averages below 20%, however, this figure increased to around 30% through out the GFC as first home buyers took advantage of FHOB. Not all FHB receive subsidies.

Notes: Figure is an estimate. Varies according to the type of lender. The process can take several months following the onset of initial payment difficulties because households have a right under the Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) to renegotiate repayments on the loan and apply for a hardship exemption or a period of payment relief. Households can also apply to access their superannuation, refinance or sell prior to foreclosure. If these avenues are exhausted the foreclosure process can proceed very quickly i.e within 30 days. Many home owners, however, do not fully understand what is available under the terms of their loans unless they seek consumer/legal advice.

Notes: Figure is an estimate. Varies according to the type of lender. The process can take several months following the onset of initial payment difficulties because households have a right under the Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) to renegotiate repayments on the loan and apply for a hardship exemption or a period of payment relief. Households can also apply to access their superannuation, refinance or sell prior to foreclosure. If these avenues are exhausted the foreclosure process can proceed very quickly i.e within 30 days. Many home owners, however, do not fully understand what is available under the terms of their loans unless they seek consumer/legal advice.

Notes: Figure is an estimate. Varies according to the type of lender. The process can take several months following the onset of initial payment difficulties because households have a right under the Uniform Consumer Credit Code (UCCC) to renegotiate repayments on the loan and apply for a hardship exemption or a period of payment relief. Households can also apply to access their superannuation, refinance or sell prior to foreclosure. If these avenues are exhausted the foreclosure process can proceed very quickly i.e within 30 days. Many home owners, however, do not fully understand what is available under the terms of their loans unless they seek consumer/legal advice.

Notes: Figure is approximate. Brokers are increasingly used to help navigate the vast array of home loan products now on the market. Basel III will also have implications for changing lending standards.

Notes: Figure is for the average floor area of new residential dwellings, which includes houses and other residences.

Notes: Figure is for the average floor area of new residential dwellings, which includes houses and other residences.

Notes: Figures for 2008 is from December 2007 to September 2008. Increases are Nominal. REIA and Mortgage Choice Real Estate Market Facts, A Quarterly Review of Major Property Markets.

Notes: Finance commitments for owner occupied housing (not for investment housing), includes transactions for new and existing housing sales.

Notes: Finance commitments for owner occupied housing (not for investment housing), includes transactions for new and existing housing sales.

Notes: First home buyers only

Notes: First home buyers only

Notes: First home owner grants

Notes: First home owner grants

Notes: First Home Owners Saver Account (FHSA) introduced in Oct 2008. The Government invests savings at 17% adding $850 to every $5,000 held within an individual FHSA.

Notes: First Home Owners Saver Account (FHSA) introduced in Oct 2008. The Government invests savings at 17% adding $850 to every $5,000 held within an individual FHSA.

Notes: First home super savers (FHSS) scheme was introduced in the 2017-2018 federal budget

Notes: First home super savers (FHSS) scheme was introduced in the 2017-2018 federal budget

Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% Goods and Services Tax for first-time buyers

Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers

Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers

Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers

Notes: First homeowners grant offsets the 10% goods and services tax for first-time buyers

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: From RBA: The government has The Committed Liquidity Facility following the rules of Basel III

Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank

Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank

Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank

Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank

Notes: Genworth, QBE, CommBank

Notes: Home owners are not required to pay capital gains tax on the residential home, while second property owners/ and or investors pay tax on half the capital gains accrued creating a tax incentive to invest in property.

Notes: Home owners are not required to pay capital gains tax on the residential home, while second property owners/ and or investors pay tax on half the capital gains accrued creating a tax incentive to invest in property.

Notes: Home owners are not required to pay capital gains tax on the residential home, while second property owners/ and or investors pay tax on half the capital gains accrued creating a tax incentive to invest in property.

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: http://hofinet.org/documents/doc.aspx?id=329

Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.

Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.

Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.

Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.

Notes: If covered by mortgage insurance, Genowrth, QBE, and CommBank all offer mortgages to a maximum LTV of 97%, higher than the typical 95% maximum limit on their usual loan products.

Notes: In 2013 The Australian Office of Financial Management (AOFM) ended its policy of purchasing RMBS

Notes: Income measure is based on national equivalized disposable income of first home buyers surveyed in the 2007-2008 Survey of Income and Housing Costs. Caution required as high standard error on figure.

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Index 2015 = 100

Notes: Indirectly through a third party ie Foresters Community Finance provides loans to assist NGOs to provide affordable housing projects for low income households

Notes: Indirectly through a third party ie Foresters Community Finance provides loans to assist NGOs to provide affordable housing projects for low income households

Notes: Indirectly through a third party ie Foresters Community Finance provides loans to assist NGOs to provide affordable housing projects for low income households

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest Only: Does not include principal, insurance, etc.

Notes: Interest payments on housing debt as a percentage of household disposable income

Notes: Interest payments on housing debt as a percentage of household disposable income

Notes: Interest-only loans

Notes: Issuance has halved to A$3.58B from A$7.85B https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-11-20/aussie-mortgage-bonds-missing-in-action-as-cheaper-funds-becko

Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.

Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.

Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.

Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.

Notes: Main bureau is Veda Advantage.

Notes: Many international investors withdrew from the market during the GFS.

Notes: Many international investors withdrew from the market during the GFS.

Notes: Maximum LTV for CBA, one of the largest loan originating lenders, is set at 80% for residential mortgages without mortgage insurance

Notes: Median gross household income for capital cities. Median gross weekly AUS $1,410 *.84 = US $1,184 * 52. IMF annual market exchange rate for 2008 used (1.2 AUD = 1 USD)

Notes: Median weekly income 2013-2014, multiplied here by 52

Notes: Minimum wage based on October 2008 as there was no change in 2009. Weekly amount in 2008 was $543.78 or $14.31 hr. This is the Australia wide rate set by the Australian Fair Pay Commission. Monthly US amount calculated by multiplying 30.4 average month/7 days*$451 US conversion for weekly amount. IMF annual market exchange rate for 2008 used (1.2 AUD = 1 USD)

Notes: Minimum wage based on October 2008 as there was no change in 2009. Weekly amount in 2008 was $543.78 or $14.31 hr. This is the Australia wide rate set by the Australian Fair Pay Commission. Monthly US amount calculated by multiplying 30.4 average month/7 days*$451 US conversion for weekly amount. IMF annual market exchange rate for 2009 used (1.27 AUD = 1 USD)

Notes: Most loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%

Notes: Most loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%

Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.

Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.

Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.

Notes: Most state/territory governments administer a land tax.

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: National rate, includes non-urban areas

Notes: Negative rearing on profit loss of rental income via concession on taxable income. No consumption taxes on rents and imputed rents not combined with taxable income.

Notes: Negative rearing on profit loss of rental income via concession on taxable income. No consumption taxes on rents and imputed rents not combined with taxable income.

Notes: Negative rearing on profit loss of rental income via concession on taxable income. No consumption taxes on rents and imputed rents not combined with taxable income.

Notes: New RMBS issuance valued at A$5.1B: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-05-22/aussie-housing-risks-no-deterrent-as-mortgage-bond-sales-climb

Notes: No explicit guarantee, but the CLF provides the implicit guarantee of liquidity (perhaps as a lender of last resort)

Notes: No explicit guarantee, but the CLF provides the implicit guarantee of liquidity (perhaps as a lender of last resort)

Notes: Nominal increase of 147% from 1997-2007; Real increase from 1997 to 2006 was 81%

Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties

Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties

Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties

Notes: Not for primary residences, only for investment properties

Notes: Not well measured in Australia.

Notes: Not well measured in Australia.

Notes: Not well measured in Australia.

Notes: Not well-documented, however many lenders now have this option and have experienced increasing demand for the service. Brokers also use the online facilities to lodge applications.

Notes: November 2007 fixed rate stood at 38%.

Notes: of which basic variable 45.25%, standard variable 29.95%, and special variable 14.45%

Notes: of which basic variable 48.35%, standard variable 40.15%, and special variable 6.72%

Notes: Over 40% of originating loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%

Notes: Over 50% of originating loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%

Notes: Over 50% of originating loans have LTVs between 60 to 80%

Notes: Pepper and AMAL are examples of third party servicing institutions

Notes: Please visit the Research Center for 2005 data.

Notes: Privacy Act governs how personal information can be used and disclosed as well as consumers right to access their own credit information

Notes: Privacy Act governs how personal information can be used and disclosed as well as consumers right to access their own credit information

Notes: Privacy Act governs how personal information can be used and disclosed as well as consumers right to access their own credit information.

Notes: Projected according to AU Bureau of Statistics

Notes: Projected according to AU Bureau of Statistics

Notes: Projected according to AU Bureau of Statistics

Notes: Projected according to AU Bureau of Statistics

Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.

Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.

Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.

Notes: Rental properties are subject to Capital Gains Tax, but borrowing expenses, depreciation, and capital works expenditures are all tax deductible.

Notes: RMBS Issuance = 2% of GDP in 2015. ~ $25 B A$

Notes: Securitization vehicles / mortgage brokers

Notes: See below. Lenders also have scope to develop their own measures of credit risk assessments in accordance with Basel II 'advanced' approaches.

Notes: See below. Lenders also have scope to develop their own measures of credit risk assessments in accordance with Basel II 'advanced' approaches.

Notes: See below. Lenders also have scope to develop their own measures of credit risk assessments in accordance with Basel II 'advanced' approaches.

Notes: Stamp duties on land and mortgage transfers.

Notes: Stamp duties on land and mortgage transfers.

Notes: Stamp duties on land and mortgage transfers.

Notes: Stamp Duty

Notes: Stamp Duty

Notes: Stamp Duty

Notes: Stamp Duty

Notes: Stamp Duty concessions for some eligible households. Non taxation of imputed rents for home owners are indirect subsidies.

Notes: Stamp Duty concessions for some eligible households. Non taxation of imputed rents for home owners are indirect subsidies.

Notes: Stamp Duty concessions for some eligible households. Non taxation of imputed rents for home owners are indirect subsidies.

Notes: Stamp duty on mortgages and leases

Notes: Stamp duty on mortgages and leases

Notes: Stamp duty on transfers of property

Notes: Stamp duty on transfers of property

Notes: State government land taxes, local council rates, Good and Services Tax (GST) on new construction and renovation of existing dwelling, developer levies.

Notes: State government land taxes, local council rates, Good and Services Tax (GST) on new construction and renovation of existing dwelling, developer levies.

Notes: State government land taxes, local council rates, Good and Services Tax (GST) on new construction and renovation of existing dwelling, developer levies.

Notes: testing

Notes: The Aust govt through its GFC stimulus into RMBS has recently agreed to direct investment funds to a liquidity facility administered through AOFM and coordinated by RBA. The bonds available through the facility total $5 billion.

Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.

Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.

Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.

Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.

Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.

Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.

Notes: The figure is an estimated figure from Westpac, one of the four largest banks in Australia. The typical LTV at origination is the mode of the distribution of housing loans in terms of LTV.

Notes: The First Home Owners Grant is the main form of assistance provided directly to households. The first home owner boost (FHOB) was introduced for a limited period to increase the amount of FHOG available during the GFC, upwards of $20,000 for newly constructed dwellings in many jurisdictions

Notes: The First Home Owners Grant is the main form of assistance provided directly to households. The first home owner boost (FHOB) was introduced for a limited period to increase the amount of FHOG available during the GFC, upwards of $20,000 for newly constructed dwellings in many jurisdictions

Notes: The First Home Owners Grant is the main form of assistance provided directly to households. The first home owner boost (FHOB) was introduced for a limited period to increase the amount of FHOG available during the GFC, upwards of $20,000 for newly constructed dwellings in many jurisdictions

Notes: The legal constraints, specifically those introduced follwing the GFC by the ASIC, specify what are considered to be 'reasonable' lending practices that all licensed financial institutions must comply with. There is also to some degree less formalized ethical codes of conduct where conforming lenders have distinguished their practices from some more 'predatory' style fringe lenders.

Notes: The legal constraints, specifically those introduced follwing the GFC by the ASIC, specify what are considered to be 'reasonable' lending practices that all licensed financial institutions must comply with. There is also to some degree less formalized ethical codes of conduct where conforming lenders have distinguished their practices from some more 'predatory' style fringe lenders.

Notes: The legal constraints, specifically those introduced follwing the GFC by the ASIC, specify what are considered to be 'reasonable' lending practices that all licensed financial institutions must comply with. There is also to some degree less formalized ethical codes of conduct where conforming lenders have distinguished their practices from some more 'predatory' style fringe lenders.

Notes: The main Govt direct intervention into the mortgage market has been the recent purchasing of RMBS. Smaller scale programs exist such as HomeStart Finance established and administered by the State of South Australia as a statutory lending organization for low to moderate homeowners, however, such initiatives are not widespread or within mainstream lending practices.

Notes: The two major mortgage insurers Genworth and QBE have underwriting policies for the types of loans they will insure.

Notes: The two major mortgage insurers Genworth and QBE have underwriting policies for the types of loans they will insure.

Notes: The two major mortgage insurers Genworth and QBE have underwriting policies for the types of loans they will insure.

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There are four major banks

Notes: There has been a considerable drop in the uptake of fixed rate loans since late 2007. However, there are some hybrid type loans, where you can fix the interest rate for a certain period of the loan. 2008 figures are for December quarter.

Notes: There has been a considerable drop in the uptake of fixed rate loans since late 2007. However, there are some hybrid type loans, where you can fix the interest rate for a certain period of the loan. Whole life of loan fixed rates are now very uncommon although there has been a slight increase in the uptake at the end of 2009. 2009 figures are for the September quarter.

Notes: There is no government maximum LTV but private LMI companies will only insure properties with LTV <80%

Notes: Third party or guarantor loans do exist but are very uncommon.

Notes: This figure is a proportion of RMBS from all Australian Asset Back Securities based on stock outstanding as of Oct 2009.

Notes: This is the number for Authorised Deposit-taking Institutions. These are the institutions monitored by APRA. The total number of non conforming or sub-prime lender in Australia is difficult to enumerate. Number of ADIs as of 2005 = 224 Number of major non conforming or subprime lenders = 4, includes Liberty Financial, Pepper Home Loans, GE Mortgage Soluations, Bluestone Mortgages.

Notes: Total number of dwelling units constructed includes private and public house construction. Almost all construction in Australia is within the formal sector.

Notes: Total number of dwelling units constructed includes private and public house construction. Almost all construction in Australia is within the formal sector.

Notes: Transactions are usually under-stated because information on off-the-plan sales do not become available until settlement. This is likely to be more of a problem when new apartment construction is elevated, as has been the case in Australia in recent years.

Notes: Weighted average of eight capital cities

Notes: Whilst lenders are not legally required to adjust their interest rates in line with adjustments by RBA, they receive significant negative media attention and therefore loss of consumer confidence when they do deviate.

Notes: Whilst lenders are not legally required to adjust their interest rates in line with adjustments by RBA, they receive significant negative media attention and therefore loss of consumer confidence when they do deviate.

Notes: Whilst lenders are not legally required to adjust their interest rates in line with adjustments by RBA, they receive significant negative media attention and therefore loss of consumer confidence when they do deviate.

Notes: Will pay out the difference in the amount of debt owing on the property and house value at the time of sale / repossession if debt is higher than value

Notes: Will pay out the difference in the amount of debt owing on the property and house value at the time of sale / repossession if debt is higher than value.

Notes: Will pay out the difference in the amount of debt owing on the property and house value at the time of sale / repossession if debt is higher than value.